# Chapter 20 Appendix F References

D. M. Bates and D. G. Watts (1988), Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Richard A. Becker, John M. Chambers and Allan R. Wilks (1988), The New S Language. Chapman & Hall, New York. This book is often called the “Blue Book”.

John M. Chambers and Trevor J. Hastie eds. (1992), Statistical Models in S. Chapman & Hall, New York. This is also called the “White Book”.

John M. Chambers (1998) Programming with Data. Springer, New York. This is also called the “Green Book”.

A. C. Davison and D. V. Hinkley (1997), Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications, Cambridge University Press.

Annette J. Dobson (1990), An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, Chapman and Hall, London.

Peter McCullagh and John A. Nelder (1989), Generalized Linear Models. Second edition, Chapman and Hall, London.

John A. Rice (1995), Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis. Second edition. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.

S. D. Silvey (1970), Statistical Inference. Penguin, London.

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ACM Software Systems award, 1998: https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/chambers_6640862.cfm.

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For portable R code (including that to be used in R packages) only A–Za–z0–9 should be used.

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not inside strings, nor within the argument list of a function definition

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some of the consoles will not allow you to enter more, and amongst those which do some will silently discard the excess and some will use it as the start of the next line.

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of unlimited length.

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The leading “dot” in this file name makes it invisible in normal file listings in UNIX, and in default GUI file listings on macOS and Windows.

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With other than vector types of argument, such as list mode arguments, the action of c() is rather different. See Concatenating lists.

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Actually, it is still available as .Last.value before any other statements are executed.

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paste(…, collapse=ss) joins the arguments into a single character string putting ss in between, e.g., ss <- “|”. There are more tools for character manipulation, see the help for sub and substring.

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numeric mode is actually an amalgam of two distinct modes, namely integer and double precision, as explained in the manual.

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Note however that length(object) does not always contain intrinsic useful information, e.g., when object is a function.

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In general, coercion from numeric to character and back again will not be exactly reversible, because of roundoff errors in the character representation.

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A different style using ‘formal’ or ‘S4’ classes is provided in package methods.

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Readers should note that there are eight states and territories in Australia, namely the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.

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Note that tapply() also works in this case when its second argument is not a factor, e.g., ‘tapply(incomes, state)’, and this is true for quite a few other functions, since arguments are coerced to factors when necessary (using as.factor()).

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Note that x %% x is ambiguous, as it could mean either x’x or x x’, where x is the column form. In such cases the smaller matrix seems implicitly to be the interpretation adopted, so the scalar x’x is in this case the result. The matrix x x’ may be calculated either by cbind(x) %% x or x %*% rbind(x) since the result of rbind() or cbind() is always a matrix. However, the best way to compute x’x or x x’ is crossprod(x) or x %o% x respectively.

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Even better would be to form a matrix square root B with A = BB’ and find the squared length of the solution of By = x , perhaps using the Cholesky or eigen decomposition of A.

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Conversion of character columns to factors is overridden using the stringsAsFactors argument to the data.frame() function.

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See the on-line help for autoload for the meaning of the second term.

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Under UNIX, the utilities sed orawk can be used.

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to be discussed later, or use xyplot from package lattice.

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In some sense this mimics the behavior in S-PLUS since in S-PLUS this operator always creates or assigns to a global variable.

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So it is hidden under UNIX.

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Some graphics parameters such as the size of the current device are for information only.

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2.5Gb on versions of Windows that support 3Gb per process and have the support enabled: see the rw-FAQ Q2.9; 3.5Gb on most 64-bit versions of Windows.

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The ‘Emacs Speaks Statistics’ package; see the URL https://ESS.R-project.org/

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It is possible to build R using an emulation of GNU readline, such as one based on NetBSD’s editline, it which case only a subset of the capabilities may be provided.

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On a PC keyboard this is usually the Alt key, occasionally the ‘Windows’ key. On a Mac keyboard normally no meta key is available.

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In particular, not versions 6.3 or later: this is worked around as from R 3.4.0.